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British towns suffer from the same traffic congestion, noise and polluting fumes as all towns in the western world, but as yet only London, Newcastle, Glasgow and to a small extent Liverpool, have useful railways going underground through the central areas. Elsewhere there are plans for building underground railways but they have little hope of making any progress with them so long as public expenditure is restricted. In general, the north has better public transport than the south, with cheaper and regular bus services using better roads shared fewer cars.
On a cow-calf ranch the first job of the summer starts after the spring branding when the calves are turned out. Freshly worked calves go through a period of stress which may last only a few days or up to a week Stress is caused by several factors; loss of blood, the shock of dehorning and castration
soreness and even a reaction to the vaccine. In small calves the stress is usually not severe. Their horns are small and the surgery that removes them is not radical and the same holds true of their castration so they don't lose much blood and don't suffer much shock. For several days they may lie around, their heads will be sore, and they may not drink much milk. But after that they bounce right back and are healed in a week's time. The healing process takes longer with larger calves, and they are the ones most vulnerable to stress. One day a nice, fat steer calf is walking slowly or lying off to himself, which you expect to see in a large calf that is stiff and sore. Then the following day you find him dead. You can never be sure absolutely what it was that killed him, but you assume it had something to do with stress.
recover from the operations later, and more unexpected deaths occur in them
Japan is a nation built completely on the tips of giant, sub oceanic volcanoes. Little of the land is flat and suitable for agriculture. Terraced hillsides make use of every available square foot of arable land. Small homes built very close together further conserve the land. Japan also suffers from natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes. Conventionally homes are made of light construction materials, so a house falling down during a disaster will not crush its occupants and also can be quickly arid inexpensively rebuilt. During the feudal period until the Meiji restoration of 1868, each feudal lord sought to restrain his subjects from moving from one village to the next for fear that a neighbouring lord might amass enough peasants with which to produce a large agricultural surplus, hire an army and pose a threat. Apparently bridges were not commonly built across rivers and streams until the late nineteenth century since bridges increased mobility between villages.
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